Clock speed

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Production and power buildings, such as Miners, Constructors or Biomass Burners, can have their clock speed set to any percentage between 1% and 250%, with a precision of up to 4 decimal places. For production buildings, this allows them to operate slower or faster at the cost of greatly reduced or increased power usage. For power buildings, the maximum power output and accompanying fuel consumption can be increased in tandem, granting more utility from a single building. Overclocking and underclocking both have utility in optimizing a factory, helping to synchronize production, increasing energy efficiency and smoothing out the peaks in power consumption.

Terminology

Clock speed is the speed of operation of a building. 250% clock speed means the building will operate 2.5x as fast.

Overclocking refers to setting the clock speed above 100%, and inversely, underclocking refers to setting the clock speed below 100%. Underclocking does not require any  Power Shards.

Obtaining

The ability to change clock speeds can be unlocked in the MAM.png MAM. Confusingly, the research is named "Overclock Production", but unlocks underclocking as well.

 Clock speed is unlocked via the Power Slugs Research chain in the MAM.png MAM using:
Power Shard.png
1
Iron Plate.png
50
Wire.png
50

 Power Shards required to increase clock speeds above 100% can be crafted from  Power Slugs, which can be found in set locations across the world. In Tier 9, Power Shards can be automated by producing them synthetically.

Usage

Purpose

There are multiple reasons for changing clock speeds, especially matching production and consumption rates of machines to make a factory line operate at maximum efficiency, saving space by overclocking, or saving power by underclocking.

For matching production and consumption rates, both overclocking and underclocking are viable. It is up to you to decide whether to overclock using  Power Shards, saving a little space and using a little extra power, or vice versa by underclocking, which does not require  Power Shards.

Clock speed affects production buildings/resource extractors and power generators differently, see below.

Configuration

Clock speed can only be configured in production buildings with configurable recipes, resource extractors and power generators. Other power consumers, such as  Hypertube Entrances,  Pipeline Pumps or  Train Stations, cannot be overclocked.

Clock speed can be set using a menu within each building's UI, accessed by interacting E with it. Power Shards can be inserted into this menu, increasing the maximum allowed clock speed by 50% up to 3 times. There are multiple ways to set a clock speed in this menu:

  • Dragging the slider, changing values in 1% increments.
  • Entering a percentage or target production rate directly.
  • Entering a formula, similar to the in-game calculator accessed using quick search N, which will be evaluated left-to-right.

Additionally, recipe and clock speed configuration can be copied Ctrl+C and pasted Ctrl+V between buildings of the same type. If  Power Shards are required, they will be automatically inserted into the building if there are enough in the inventory.

Buildings underclocked to have active power consumption below the idle rate of 0.1 MW will still use 0.1 MW while idle.[1]

Precision

The result configuration is always stored as a percentage with four decimal spaces of precision. Internally, the exact values calculated from the configured clock speed are used. However, the user interface often rounds or truncates values, thus listing inaccurate results.

For example, a  Constructor producing 15  Concrete/min can never be set to produce precisely 5/min. The closest clock speed of 33.3333% will produce 15 × 0.333333 = 4.999995/min, despite the UI rounding it to exactly 5/min.

This level of inaccuracy is negligible for most players; one way to reduce the occurrence of infinitely repeating decimals is to use a so-called 45-81 rule: If a recipe's production rate is a multiple or fraction of 45/min or 81/min, its clock speed likely won't have repeating decimals. 81 applies to most Oil recipes, 45 to most other recipes. This does not apply to all recipes.

For example, instead of producing 100  Plastic/min using the Diluted + Recycled loop, 81 + 20.25 = 101.25/min would be produced.

Clock speed for production buildings

Production buildings craft at a rate proportional to their clock speed, but their power consumption changes polynomially N=1.321928. As the item production rate increases, the ingredient consumption rate increases as well. This means that it costs more power to produce the same amount of resources using buildings at higher clock speeds, but saves space.

The table below shows five different clock speeds on a  Constructor producing  Iron Rods.

The ratio of power consumption per craft based on clock speed. The ratio is compared to the amount of power for each craft at default clock speed. This is just for production buildings. Power Generator overclocking is linear
Clock speed Craft time Power required Energy per Iron Rod
10% 40s 0.19 MW 7.62 MJ 47.6%
50% 8s 1.6 MW 12.8 MJ 80%
100% (Default) 4s 4 MW 16 MJ 100%
150% 2.67s 6.8MW 18.2 MJ 113.9%
200% 2s 10 MW 20 MJ 125%
250% 1.6s 13.4 MW 21.5 MJ 134.3%
Overclocking screen
Overclocking can be given any value, but the game will automatically clip it to between 1% to 250%.

The formula for power usage is:

powerusage=initialpowerusage×(clockspeed100)1.321928

where clockspeed is a number with up to 4 decimals between 1 and 250, and
both powerusage and initialpowerusage are measured in MW.

The exponent 1.321928 is log2(2.5) rounded down, meaning you need 2.5x more power to double your productivity, this applies at any clock speed.

For relative energy usage per item produced, subtract the exponent factor by 1, that is,

energyusage=initialenergyusage×(clockspeed100)0.321928

Note that power usage is further influenced by production amplification.

Remarkable clock speeds

  • At 59% clock speed (59.1943) your power consumption is halved but you still produce 59% of the items, so by adding another 59% building you will produce 18% more items than a single 100% building for the same power usage.
  • At 169% clock speed (168.9353) your power consumption is equal to the consumption of 2 100% buildings but you will produce 169/20016% fewer items.
  • At 230% clock speed (229.5770) your power consumption is equal to the consumption of 3 100% buildings but you will produce 230/30023% fewer items.
  • At max clock speed (250) your power consumption is equal to the consumption of 3.36 100% buildings but you will produce 250/33626% fewer items.

Basic underclocking

Power is an important parameter in any factory and some basic underclocking can help you reduce its usage.

If you replace a building set at 100% clock speed with 2 buildings set at 50%, your production will remain the same but your power usage will be reduced by 20%.

This can be computed as follows:

Each 50% building will use 100×(50100)1.32192840% of the initial power, 2 buildings 80%, so you will save 20% of the initial power usage.

By spreading your production evenly over more buildings you can save more power, but gains are less and less substantial as more buildings are added:

Number of buildings Clock speed Power usage Comment
1 100 100%
2 50 80% -20% best gain for one more building
3 33.3333 70.21% -9.79% for one more building
4 25 64% -6.21%
5 20 59.56% -4.44%

This example uses a base clock speed of 100% but you can use a different one. You will always get 20% power savings by spreading your production evenly over 2 buildings and other savings will be identical for n buildings as well.

Underclocking can also save  Power Shards which are best used in power generators, miners and extractors (see below), so it's even more profitable when some of your buildings are set at clock speeds higher than 100%. For instance:

Number of buildings Clock speed Power usage Power usage ratio Comment
1 250 335.77% 100% Requires 3 power shards
2 125 268.62% 80% -20% power usage and one less power shard
3 83.3333 235.75% 70.21% Almost -30% power usage and no more power shards


To sum up, this method allows you to maintain your production while reducing power usage, but there is a more advanced underclocking method allowing you to increase your production while maintaining the same power usage, described in the next section.

Advanced underclocking

The following setups have the same power usage:

Number of buildings Clock speed Production Comment
1 100.0000 100%
2 59.1943 118% +18% best gain for one more building
3 43.5584 131% +13% for one more building
4 35.0396 140% +9%
5 29.5971 148% +8%
10 17.5198 175% 10 buildings may not be worth it...
100 3.0694 307% Good luck!
440 1.0007 440% You have time to spare
441 0.9990 - You cannot set clock speeds < 1%

You have to balance the complexity of logistics for having multiple buildings with production gains.

In the table above production is rounded for clarity, but exact values can be computed using the following formulas:

Clock speed for n buildings:

clockspeed=baseclockspeed×exp(ln(n)1.321928)

Production % for n buildings:

production=n×clockspeed

In the table above baseclockspeed=100, but you can use any base clock speed between 1 and 250 in the formula, allowing you to underclock any of your buildings while maintaining the same power usage and getting additional power-free production.

Production gains will always be the same for n buildings compared to the base clock speed. For instance, for a base clock speed of 250:

Number of buildings Clock speed Production Comment
1 250.0000 250% 3 power shards
2 147.9856 296% Same production gain 118% (and one less power shard)
3 108.8959 327% Same production gain 131% compared to the base
4 87.5990 350% Same production gain 140% (and no more power shards)

Additional notes regarding this technique:

  • Added production is power-free but obviously not resource-free, you must have enough resources to support it.
  • If the added production is not needed in your current production line, you can send the surplus off to another line using a Smart Splitter.png Smart Splitter, into the AWESOME Sink.png AWESOME Sink or into a green Storage Container.png Storage Container with an adequate "eco" Unknown building FP.png Sign on it.

Somersloop underclocking ("underslooping")

 Somersloops can be used for production amplification so it may seem counter-intuitive to use them in an underclocked building, however this technique is very useful if you need to produce an item you don't have enough resources for.

When all Somersloops slots are filled, a building uses 4x more power but produces 2 times more items for the same input, so if you set your clock speed at 50%, you will produce the items you need at 100% rate using only half the resources and 60% more power (for power usage formula, see Production amplifier).

Different results can be achieved by "underslooping" and are summarized in the following table:

Clock speed Production Power usage Comment
35.0396 70.0792 100 Maintaining power usage at 100%, you can produce 70% of the items for 35% of the resources
50 100 160 For 60% more power, you can produce 100% of the items for 50% of the resources
59.1943 118.3885 200 For 2x more power, you can produce 118% of the items for 59% of the resources
80.4429 160.8857 300 For 3x more power, you can produce 160% of the items for 80% of the resources
100 200 400 Basic data: for 4x more power, you can produce 2x the items for 100% of the resources

If, using Somersloops, your power usage is too high, you can also apply the technique explained in Basic underclocking. For instance, if you replace a slooped building set at 100% clock speed with 2 slooped buildings set at 50%, your production will remain the same but your power usage will be 160+160=320% instead of 400%, so you will gain 320/400=20% power. However, this costs additional Somersloops and they exist in a limited quantity.

Equalization of clock speeds

To optimize power usage it's always better to equalize clock speeds rather than having different clock speeds on the same production line.

For instance if you have 2 Blender.png Blenders, one set at 100% and the other one at 50%, they require 75+30=105 MW, by setting them both at (100+50)/2=75% they only require 2×51.27102.5 MW.

Equalization can save  Power Shards (150% + 50% -> 100% + 100%, you gain one power shard), however if the resulting clock speed is higher than 100% (for instance 150% + 100% -> 125% + 125%), equalization may also require more power shards. In this case you can solve the problem by adding more production buildings.

Clock speed for power generators

Power generators both generate power and consume fuel proportionally to their clock speed. A 1% increase in their clock speed causes them to produce 1% more power and consume 1% more fuel. The same amount of power is always produced from the same amount of fuel. Thus, overclocking generators simply saves space, but might cost a large amount of  Power Shards for large power plants.

The table below details the rates of a Coal-Powered Generator.png Coal Generator fuelled with  Coal. The same logic applies to all other power generators, excluding Geothermal Generator.png Geothermal Generators, which cannot be overclocked at all.

Clock speed Coal burn time Coal per minute Energy per Coal Operating rate
10% 40 s 1.5 300 MJ 7.5 MW 10%
100% (Default) 4 s 15 300 MJ 75 MW 100%
250% 1.6 s 37.5 300 MJ 187.5 MW 250%

Fuel burn time formula

fuelburntime=initialfuelburntime×100clockspeed

where clockspeed is a number with up to 4 decimals between 1 and 250, and
both fuelburntime and initialfuelburntime are measured in seconds.

Power capacity/fuel consumption rate formula

powercapacity=initialpowercapacity×clockspeed100

Clockspeed is a number with up to 4 decimals between 1 and 250. Both powercapacity and initialpowercapacity are measured in MW.
Replace powercapacity and initialpowercapacity with fuelconsumptionrate and initialfuelconsumptionrate measured in parts per minute or m3/min to get the fuel consumption rate.

Clock speed for miners and extractors

Overclocking  Miners and Oil Extractors is highly beneficial as it allows you to extract more ore/oil per node. In terms of energy per ore/oil extracted, an overclocked miner/extractor on a higher-purity node can also be more efficient than a non-overclocked one on a lower-purity node. Defining the energy efficiency as the energy required per ore or oil extracted:

  • mining a pure node at 250% has the same energy efficiency as mining a normal node at 78.74% or an impure node at 24.80%
  • mining a normal node at 250% has the same energy efficiency as mining an impure node at 78.74%

More generally, stepping up the node purity by one level while simultaneously multiplying the clock speed by 25/33.175 results in the same energy efficiency (energy requirement per ore or oil extracted).

Since, for the same clock rate, higher-purity nodes require significantly less energy per ore or oil extracted, a simple strategy for reducing power consumption associated with extraction is:

  1. fully overclock pure nodes before extracting anything from normal nodes, then
  2. fully overclock normal nodes before extracting anything from impure nodes.

A more optimal approach is detailed below, but the power savings relative to this simple strategy are generally modest.

Clock speed for resource well pressurizer

Optimization

When you have access to more than enough nodes to satisfy your extraction requirements, the most power-efficient way of extracting ore or oil involves taking a lot from the pure nodes, a moderate amount from the normal nodes, and a tiny amount from the impure nodes, so that the energy efficiency per ore or oil extracted is the same across all nodes. Suppose that you have access to

  • np pure nodes
  • nn normal nodes
  • ni impure nodes

and that you will be tapping each node with an extractor with a base extraction rate of B as described below:

Extractor Base Extraction Rate, B
Miner Mk.1 60 ore/min
Miner Mk.2 120 ore/min
Miner Mk.3 240 ore/min
Oil Extractor 120 oil/min

If your target extraction rate is X ore or oil per minute, the most energy-efficient clock rates can be determined as follows:

  1. Calculate the power consumption required for the simple approach described above (overclocking high purity before tapping lower purity). This is an optimistic upper bound on the power you could save by fully optimizing the clock speeds - does it seem like a lot to you? If not, then you shouldn't bother with this optimization.
  2. Solve for c as:
    c=XB(2np+25/30.315nn+213/30.0496ni)
  3. Assuming no belt or clock limits, the ideal clock rates would be:
    • 100%c for each pure node
    • 100%c/25/331.5%c for each normal node
    • 100%c/210/39.92%c for each impure node
    Unfortunately, this operating point will not always be realizable, either because:
    • it requires the pure extractors to operate at a clock speed over 250%, or
    • it requires the pure extractors to exceed the Mk.2 pipe limit of 600 fluid/min
    In these cases, the pure extractors should be set to the highest usable clock rate (250% for Mk.3 miners with Mk.6 belts and Oil Extractors with Mk.2 pipes) and then the algorithm should be repeated to determine how best to use the normal and impure nodes to gather the balance of the ore or oil. If this second solution requires the normal extractors to be set to a clock rate over 250%, then the normal extractors should be set to 250% and the impure extractors should be set to whatever rate is required to gather the balance of the ore or oil. If this again requires a clock rate over 250%, then X is too high for given nodes.

For example, if you would like to extract 1800 oil from a combination of 2 pure nodes, 3 normal nodes, and 5 impure nodes, then

  • B=120 oil/min for an oil extractor
  • np=2, nn=3, and ni=5
  • X=1800 oil/min
  • The simple way to achieve this extraction rate is to fully overclock both pure nodes (1200 oil/min) and then tap and fully overclock just two normal nodes (600 oil/min). This would require 4 fully overclocked Oil Extractors, which would consume 693.14 MW. This is therefore the optimistic upper bound on the power savings. It seems worthwhile, although we should remember that this is an optimistic estimate and our actual savings will likely be lower.
  • The calculation gives c=2.889, so
    • The pure extractors should be operated at 288.9%. This exceeds 250%, so we instead must assume that the 2 pure extractors operate at 250%, collectively producing 1200 oil/min
    • As a sub-calculation, we repeat with np=0, nn=3, ni=5, X=600 oil/min. This gives c=4.19, so
      • The normal nodes should be operated at 132.0%
      • The impure nodes should be operated at 41.58%

This would require 582.83 MW, a savings of 110.3 MW.

See also

Gallery

History

  • Patch 0.8.2.0: Fixed issue where keyboard input was lost after manually entering text when Overclocking
  • Patch 0.7.0.0
    • Reduced the energy cost of Overclocking production buildings (including Extractors) to a lower exponent
      • Changed production building and extractor exponent from 1.6 to 1.321928
    • Made overclocking of power generators match the operating rate with the clock speed
      • The basic mechanic of Overclocking remains largely unchanged, but the exponential power cost change has been lowered. This means that Overclocking is less expensive than it was before, and Underclocking is not quite as cheap.
      • Generators are the only exception to this rule: They Over- and Underclock completely linear.
  • Patch 0.6.1.1
    • Overclocking now has a visible text box so you can enter percentages or numbers manually
    • Manufacturing buildings should now preview the overclocked per minute stat on each input and output before the new overclock is applied on the next cycle
  • Patch 0.4.0.4: Fixed overclocking not showing the correct value when pasting settings in some situations
  • Patch 0.4.0.3: Changed the number of decimals in overclocking from 1 to 4
  • Patch 0.4.0.0: It is now possible to set decimal percentages as clock speed, the game no longer rounds it to the nearest whole percentage

References